Applied Research Case Study Essay

Global Innovation’s Challenges On June 5, 2006, Peter Vyas paced his office as he grappled with a request for $2 million to relaunch a mini water-oxidation product. Despite two failures to bring this product to market over the past three years, his team was confident this latest iteration was a winner. For Vyas, general manager of the Filtration Unit of Applied Research Technologies (ART), the request presented a major challenge. He recognized that his team had worked tirelessly to make this project a reality and strongly believed they were now headed in the right direction. But he also understood that the Filtration Unit’s track record of failure during this product’s development had hurt its credibility. If he supported the proposal, he knew he would be putting on the line not only his own personal credibility but also that of the entire unit. Due to the project’s size, final approval would be made by Vyas’s boss, Cynthia Jackson—the newly appointed vice president of ARTâ€℠¢s Water Management Division. Jackson was acutely aware of the mounting losses in the Filtration Unit, and she had already devoted a significant amount of time trying to get them back on track. She had confided to one of her colleagues: When I took on this assignment, I was told my first task was to â€Å"fix† the Filtration Unit. The unit only had one revenue-generating product line and had failed to bring a profitable new product to market in five years. It was clear that I was expected to either turn it around or shut it down. I’m trying to protect them and ensure they get support, but my initial feeling is if they are to survive, they must become much more disciplined. They seem to be making progress on that front, but in all honesty, I sometimes wonder if it is time to cut our losses and initiate a harvest strategy for the unit. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HBS Professor Christopher A. Bartlett and Heather Beckham prepared this case solely as a basis for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management. This case, though based on real events, is fictionalized, and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. There are occasional references to actual companies in the narration. Copyright  © 2010 Harvard Business School Publishing. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business Publishing. Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School. ART was one of the technology world’s emerging giants. The company had grown through the merger and acquisition of numerous technology-based industrial companies, acquired in the LBO buyout waves of the 1980s and 1990s. By 2006, ART consisted of a portfolio of about 60 business units, each of which operated as a profit center. Total corporate revenue was $11 billion in 2006.1 Major divisions in the corporation included Healthcare (medical diagnostic equipment), Industrial Automation (robotics), Energy (extraction, conversion, and transportation solutions for the oil and gas industry—–including the Water Management Division), and HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning, including climate control solutions for residential, commercial, and industrial markets). Exhibit 1 shows the organization structure of the company. The company’s success had been built on its innovative and entrepreneurial culture, coupled with a decentralized management philosophy. ART’s vision statement, proudly displayed in almost every office and cubicle, stated: ‘‘We aim to change the world through innovation, and to grow our place in it through entrepreneurship.† Culture and Practices ART was dedicated to supporting innovation not only with funding (the company’s R&D spending was double the rate for U.S. industrial companies), but also in its practices, several of which were deeply embedded in the company’s culture. ART encouraged employees to spend a half day each week ‘‘experimenting, brainstorming, and thinking outside the box.’’ It was a practice that the company’s visionary founder and current CEO, David Hall, referred to as ‘‘tinker time.’’ He explained the concept: Innovation and entrepreneurship are the twin engines driving this company. It’s the reason we’ve ingrained â€Å"tinker time† in our culture†¦I expect all our managers, and particularly those on the front line, to create, promote, and back promising ideas. But we understand that when you go for the big leap, you won’t always clear the bar. So there is no shame in failure when you are stretching for big objectives. Around here we routinely celebrate what we call â€Å"worthy attempts†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ even when they are unsuccessful. Knowledge sharing and dissemination was another key part of ART’s business philosophy, and despite the high level of decentralization and profit accountability, technology and human capital were both widely shared among divisions. For example, experts in one division routinely served as advisors on project committees for other divisions, and it was not uncommon for employees to go ‘‘on loan’’ to help another unit with a promising product idea or technology. The company also moved quickly to bring products to market. If an idea showed promise, funding was usually available for small ‘‘beta batch’’ productions, which often allowed market testing to achieve what was called ‘‘proof of concept’’ within ART. Once an innovation was proven, significant investment was quickly put behind it. Objectives and Priorities To infuse discipline into its decentralized organization, ART’s top management set highly aggressive performance objectives and tied executive compensation tightly to them. In 2006, as in 1 Of that total, Water Management Division sales were $560 million and Filtration Unit sales were $38 million  any other year, each division was expected to deliver sales growth of 10%, pretax margins of 15%, and return on invested capital of 20%, referred to as the ‘‘10/15/20 Target.’’ The belief that innovative products were the source of the company’s ongoing competitive advantage was reflected in a companywide metric requiring 30% of each division’s total sales come from products developed in the last four years.2 Hall also continually emphasized that to be competitive, ART had to shorten the life cycle between a new technology’s conception and its commercialization. In response, the company had introduced the ‘‘Fast Track Pipeline,’’ a program that focused on the highest priority projects by providing them with additional resources and management attention. ART currently had 67 such projects in the pipeline, six in the Water Division, but none in the Filtration Unit. (The mini oxidation unit had not been identified as a ‘‘Fast Track’’ project). In the late 1990s, Hall began pushing to grow ART’s global presence. â€Å"It’s important not just to expand our market access, but also to broaden our talent access,† he insisted. ‘‘Innovation and entrepreneurship know no national boundaries.† In the quest to meet this challenge ‘‘to attract the best and the brightest wherever they live,â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in 2000, the corporate R&D group opened the India Technical Center (ITC)—–a substantial operation that Hall hoped would become a model for  other R&D centers he planned to open up around the globe. The Filtration Business Unit The Filtration Unit was part of a business ART acquired from an oil and gas services company in 1996. Its core product line was in mobile water treatment that allowed oil and gas exploration companies to meet government water recycling requirements at well heads and drilling sites. These products were still the unit’s core line, but in the late 1990s, new competition from Chinese manufacturers had led to a commoditization of the business and an erosion of margins. ART’s newly acquired filtration business had tried to develop the next generation of products and technologies, but after two high-profile new product failures, the unit had lost confidence. By 2006, it was losing about $6 million annually. New Management, New Energy In a promotion from his role as a lab manager in the HVAC Division, the 32-year-old Vyas had assumed the role of business manager for the Filtration Unit in June 2001. He immediately confronted the unit’s twin organizational problems of low morale and growing turnover, and in his first year, rebuilt the team by carefully selecting entrepreneurial-minded individuals to fill the vacancies left by turnover in the unit. One of his key recruits was Janice Wagner, whom he knew from her five years as a marketing manager in the HVAC Division. She was excited to join a unit that had an opportunity to develop a new business from scratch. Convinced that survival depended on innovative growth, Vyas appointed a technology evaluation team early in his tenure, charging them with the responsibility to focus on technologies with the potential to turn the unit around. In one of his first reviews with that team, Vyas learned that for almost a year, the filtration unit had been working with ITC technicians on an exciting new technology the young Indian team had developed based on a license obtained from a Delhi-based start-up company. Developed as a potential solution to the widespread Third World problem of obtaining clean water in remote regions, this small-scale oxidation system was thought to have 2 Hall had recently increased this target from 25% of each unit’s sales from products developed in the last five years.  application in many less-developed markets. But in an effort to cut costs, the filtration unit’s previous management had decided to abandon the collaboration a year earlier. After reviewing the technology, Vyas became convinced that this had been a mistake and encouraged his evaluation team to pursue the project. Working closely with the ITC technologists, the team concluded that the oxidation technology was the most promising opportunity in their portfolio, and recommended developing a small-scale oxidation system that enabled waste-water disinfection in small batches. ‘‘We were so excited by that decision,† said Div Verma, the ITC technologist in charge of the project. ‘‘We believe this project can make a huge difference to the lives of millions.† Motivated by the support they received, the ITC technicians devel oped a promising initial design. Without bulky equipment (the equipment was a 26-inch cube) or an electrical power source (it utilized battery power), this small system could transform waste water into potable water without chemicals in minutes. A single unit had the capacity to process approximately 2,000 liters of contaminated water per day. With pride, they took their design to Vyas. But Vyas wanted to understand the business opportunity and asked Wagner to prepare a brief overview. Wagner learned that only about 2.5% of the world’s water was fresh, and most of that was frozen. Population growth, industrial development, and agricultural expansion were all putting pressure on fresh-water supplies in both developed and developing countries. Indeed, the World Resources Institute found that demand for water was growing at twice the rate of the population. As a result, the World Health Organization estimated that over 1.1 billion people lacked access to clean water, and that 2. 4 billion lacked access to  basic sanitation. The research also revealed that waterborne diseases accounted for 80% of infections in the developing world, and in 2002, 3.1 million deaths occurred (90% children) as a result of diarrheal diseases and malaria. As countries such as India and China industrialized, they used more fresh water and added more pollution to existing water sources. Wagner concluded that the scarcity of clean water was reaching crisis levels in developing nations, and that the mini-oxidation system could help avert some of the catastrophic effects. But she also reported comparable R&D efforts also underway in the government and private sectors in China and Europe, and that several companies in the United States and Canada were researching the technology. Nevertheless, her analysis suggested the ITC team’s product was further along and probably superior to anything else in the space. New Opportunities, New Initiatives Vyas decided to pursue the project and convinced the VP of Corporate R&D who had ITC oversight to allow the three ITC technologists working on it to become members of his technical team—–a move that would allow them to focus on developing commercial designs for the oxidation technology. Simultaneously, he asked Wagner to do a first-cut market assessment to identify potential opportunities for the technology. Over the next few weeks, through focus groups and interviews with potential customers, she uncovered several promising applications. (See Exhibit 2). But while the market research was exciting, progress in bringing a product to market proved to be slow and difficult. From January 2003 to February 2006, the technology team coordinated with separate manufacturing and marketing teams located in the United States to work through two complete cycles of product development, beta batch productions, and test marketing of two different versions of the mini-oxidation system. Both failed due to what were subsequently revealed to be defects in the design and lack of interest in the marketplace. The first-generation product was aimed at the application for which the technology was originally developed—–to provide developing nations with safe drinking water. Largely supported by foreign aid, the mini-oxidation system was field-tested by representatives from funding agencies. Unfortunately, the output water had a detectable odor which the funders found unacceptable. Despite assurances that ITC technicians could fix the problem, the trials failed to convert into orders. The team decided to refocus a second-generation product on specialized applications in Western countries where funding was more available. The plan was to develop a slightly modified version of the product and aim it at a potential market for military use and NGO disaster relief activities that Wagner had identified in her initial analysis. This decision was enormously disappointing to the Indian technologists who had developed the initial prototypes, and Vyas had to work hard to keep them on board . The second-generation product fixed the odor problem, but field trials showed that the solution caused the unit to consume too much power, requiring frequent battery replacement. Once again, no orders were forthcoming. While these trials were occurring, the filtration unit’s small R&D team in the United States persuaded Vyas to allow them to work with corporate R&D on an entirely new version of the product that would utilize ultrasound waves for water disinfection. High frequency vibrations were shown to control the growth of algae, organic waste, and bacteria such as E. coli. Market applications for this technology included treatment for clean water storage receptacles, public/private ponds, fish tanks, and ballast water. However, in 2006 this technology was still in the earliest stages of research and testing. New Oversight, New Discipline In January 2006, just as Vyas and the rest of the mini-oxidation team were launching their secondgeneration system, Cynthia Jackson was appointed vice president of the Water Management Division. Jackson’s attention was soon drawn to the troubled Filtration Unit which she felt needed to put much more rigor into the planning and analysis that supported their product development activities. According to Jackson: Peter Vyas seems to be an excellent talent manager. He was able to recruit and retain good people to his unit, and then build them into highly motivated teams on two different continents. He’s also shown himself to be an outstanding advocate for the group’s ideas -skilled at managing upward, gaining support, and running interference so his team can concentrate on the task at hand. And I’m aware that the company has high hopes for the Filtration Unit, but the results just are not there. In my view, the unit lacks discipline. They had a promising technology that was in search of a market, but had not done the work to nail down either. In the first meeting I had with them I explained that they would be developing any future proposals using a rigorous three-phase process linking market analysis and technological development to business planning. In her first meeting with Vyas, Jackson also made it clear that the unit’s continued existence was in jeopardy if they did not turn things around. Mini-Oxidation’s Third Launch Attempt To coordinate the third launch of the mini-oxidation system, Vyas assembled a single six-person development team with representatives from various functions located in the United States and India. Because Janice Wagner had demonstrated strong project management skills, Vyas named her  as the team leader. (Exhibit 3 details committee membership.) From the outset, the team was highly committed to the product and worked tirelessly  to complete Jackson’s three-phase process. Phase 1: General Product Concept and Market Analysis Wagner took the lead in preparing the Phase 1 requirement ‘‘to develop a general product concept supported by market research.’’ Having learned that the unit lacked the expertise to sell to developing markets, governments, and NGOs, she decided to focus additional research on U.S. data that seemed to indicate strong potential for a residential water purification system. She also decided to see if opportunities might exist in domestic agricultural applications. According to the Palmer Drought Index from April of 2006, 26% of the United States was considered in moderate to extreme drought conditions, and Wagner’s research showed that low rainfall, high wind, and rapid population growth in the Western and Southeastern regions of the country caused a major water scarcity problem for these areas. The resulting government-imposed water restrictions often led to severe limitations or outright bans of water used in residential landscape irrigation. Because re-use of waste water would serve conservation efforts while preserving residential landscaping, Wagner felt that the mini-oxidation system offered a perfect solution for the needs of homeowners in these drought-stricken areas. In addition, since the product would be used for irrigation and not for drinking water, the disinfection quality could be lowered and energy consumption would therefore be reduced compared to past product iterations. Wagner’s research on the U.S. water industry indicated that the domestic water-treatment equipment market generated sales of over $9 billion. (Exhibit 4 provides selected data from the research.) Residential water treatment products ranged from water filters that reduced sediment, rust, and chlorine odor (average retail price $50) to systems that provided more comprehensive household water purification (retail price $1,500 to $3,000). The research also showed that in-ground sprinkler systems cost between $1,800 and $4,000, and after conducting some industry interviews and focus groups, Wagner felt this was a good barometer of what a homeowner was willing to pay for a lush, green lawn. After discussing the product concept with the development committee members, the team decided to recommend a retail price of $2,000 ($1,000 wholesale price) for a residential irrigation mini-oxidation system (RIMOS) capable of supporting a 10,000 square-foot lawn. Pricing for an agricultural irrigation large oxidation system (AILOS) would be significantly less on a per-acre basis, with details to be developed only after further research had been done. Wagner and Vyas compiled the data and product concept information in a formal proposal for Jackson to approve. Jackson responded to the team’s Phase 1 proposal with a flurry of questions and challenges. She highlighted the sparseness of concrete market numbers and their lack of data on target markets. And when the team floated the idea of designing a larger-scale agricultural version of the system, she asked them to think about whether that would stretch resources too thin. With the whole company under pressure to trim budgets, J ackson asked the team to consider reducing the project’s costs by eliminating either the RIMOS or AILOS product. After some discussion, Vyas and his team agreed to focus future product development and marketing efforts on the RIMOS product for the U.S. market. Phase 2: Technical Specifications and Prototype Having won the approval of Phase 1, the team was now ready to begin the second phase of Jackson’s product development process. This involved designing actual product specifications and determining how to do this within the $1,000 wholesale price point that the group had determined was appropriate. A working prototype was also to be created as part of this phase. The team relied heavily on ITC expertise to adapt the existing product originally designed to provide potable water in remote locations, to one capable of processing wastewater for lawn irrigation. During this phase, several misunderstandings surfaced between team members in the United States and India. For example, Wagner became concerned when the Indian team  repeatedly missed design deadlines she had requested. When she confronted Div Verma, the lab leader responsible for the project, he responded tersely: Peter told us he wanted the new design to be flawless. I take that as my number one priority. We can’t meet this deliverable without proper testing. Why is everything so rushed with you? If we don’t have a perfect design, then we run the risk of failing a third time and that is not acceptable. My team will not provide designs for a prototype until we are sure that all the bugs have been worked out. We don’t want to be involved in another failure. Emphasizing the mandate to move quickly while ensuring product quality, Vyas mediated the disagreement by crafting a compromise that gave the Indian technical team a formal schedule allowing them two weeks of extra testing time. ‘‘I felt there was a mix of disappointment and pride that had to be dealt with,† said Vias. ‘‘I also told Div that this third generation product would give us the credibility to return to the developing world project.† Once the prototype was finished, the final designs and specs were again submitted for review. Jackson was impressed by the attention to detail in this latest iteration, but wanted to ensure that the team was fully utilizing the internal expertise available at ART. With Jackson’s help, Vyas tapped engineers and manufacturing managers from the HVAC and Healthcare Divisions who had expertise his team was lacking. He invited them to join his development team, and they quickly became deeply engaged in the project. They identified several design changes and production specifications that increased efficiency and lowered manufacturing costs. Phase 3: Business Plan The development of the business plan was the most difficult phase for Vyas and his team. They were unaccustomed to creating complex sales forecast models and cost estimates. But eventually they developed a detailed product concept, marketing approach, and manufacturing strategy for RIMOS, as well as sales forecasts, cost projections, and expense estimates. They also acknowledged that they still believed there was a significant market in water treatment for the developing world and in emergency relief work, but  these future options had not been included in the current forecasts or business plan. They hoped to explore these with the help of the Oil and Gas Division which had excellent international contacts. Jackson challenged the team’s pro forma financials which she felt lacked the data to support their assumptions. She asked the team to perform additional due diligence and to justify their assumptions. She also pushed back on the projected sales assumptions and suggested that the pro forma financials needed to be stress-tested. But after testing the analysis, Wagner felt her research was sound and was adamant about the size of the opportunity and their ability to capture the market. Vyas stood by Wagner and also defended the financial data which he felt had been carefully developed by the manufacturing and technology experts. Exhibit 5 summarizes the team’s sales and operating margin forecasts. The team acknowledged that its assumptions relied on the ability to gain access to the HVAC Group’s Residential Market Division. As Wagner pointed out, ART’s norms encouraged them to take advantage of these types of synergies, and they had good contacts in the division. However, the HVAC Residential Market Division’s senior executives had full discretion regarding the products distributed through its channels, and they had not yet made a formal decision about  Jackson also expressed her concerns with the $2,000 retail price point and pushed Vyas to clearly identify the risks associated with the plan. After further consideration, the team developed a risk assessment and response matrix, which they included in the business plan (Exhibit 6). The business plan revealed the need for $2 million in funding for beta batch production of RIMOS and the marketing budget to support its distribution and promotion. Toward a Decision: Go or No Go? An hour after receiving the investment proposal from his team, Vyas was still pacing back and forth trying to decide whether to support or reject their request for the $2 million in funding for RIMOS. He knew his development team was absolutely convinced it could succeed, but he also realized that the unit’s existence and even his own career were being openly questioned. Two floors above Vyas’s office, Jackson was also contemplating the RIMOS project. Having heard through the company grapevine that a funding request had been submitted to Vyas, she began to think about how she would handle the request if it was sent up to her. She had heard rumblings from other managers in her division that the Filtration Unit was a drain on division resources and that it was time to pull the plug on any additional funding. As a newly promoted division VP, Jackson understood that her actions would be closely watched. She wanted to make sure she did not drop the ball. Exhibit 1 ART Organization with Filtration Unit Detail Finance Engineering Legal R&D HR David Hall CEO Healthcare Executive VP Energy 3 divisions 17 business units 2 divisions 13 business units Power Generation Oil/Gas Extraction 4 business units 2 direct reports T. Smith Administration Cynthia Jackson VP Water Management Division 5 business units 3 other business units B. Brady R&D USA Industrial Automation W. Steilow Plant Superintendent 5 direct reports 40 plant personnel HVAC 3 divisions 14 business units Power Distribution 3 business units Peter Vyas Manager Filtration Unit J. Wagner Sales and Marketing 2 direct reports B. Wang Production Control P. Gupta Indian Technical Center Team 2 direct reports 3 direct reports Exhibit 2 Wagner’s List of Potential Markets Developing Nations †¢ Provide potable water solutions for areas with unsafe drinking water U.S. Residential †¢ Landscape irrigation †¢ Pools †¢ In-house water recirculation for non-drinking purposes (e.g., laundry, dishwashers, etc.) U.S. Commercial †¢ Restaurants †¢ Grocery stores †¢ Laundromats †¢ Linen/Uniform companies †¢ Farms †¢ Landscape irrigation U.S. and Overseas Emergency Units †¢ Disaster relief †¢ Military Exhibit 3 ART Mini Water Oxidation System—–Development Committee Team Structure New Product Introduction Team Members D. Verma R. Patel B. Wang H. Lewis J. Wagner T. Smith C. Corteza G. Steinberga Laboratory Leader—–Indian Technical Center Product Development—–Indian Technical Center Manufacturing Quality Assurance Marketing (TEAM LEADER) Project Administration HVAC Division Representative Healthcare Division Representative a Member from another unit of ART added in Phase 2 Exhibit 4 Market Research: Summary Data The U.S. Water Industry (Revenues in millions)a Water Treatment Equipment Delivery Equipment Chemicals Contract Operations Consulting/Engineering Maintenance Services Instruments and Testing Wastewater Utilities Drinking Water Utilities Total U.S. Water Industry $9,110 $11,660 $4,020 $2,350 $7,460 $1,780 $1,400 $34,130 $35,070 $106,980 s U.S. Residences (2000 Census) Total Housing Units Single-Family Detached Homes 116 million 70 million Drought Indicators (Palmer Drought Index 4/10/2006) % of the continuous U.S. in severe to extreme drought % of the continuous U.S. in moderate to extreme drought 13% 26% NOTE: Mini-Oxidation Systems are a â€Å"new-to-the-world† product with unknown market potential. a Source: Adapted from the Environmental Business Journal, 2006 Exhibit 5 Summary Sales and Profit Forecast for RIMOS 2007 Forecast Sales ( $ millions) Forecast Operating Income (%) Exhibit 6 2008 2009 2010 2011 $ 5.45 10% $ 7.08 15% $ 8.86 20% $ 10.89 20% $ 13.07 20% Summary Risk Analysis and Risk Mitigation for RIMOS Risk Level Plan May not gain market acceptance High – Ensure HVAC distribution support Highlight ART name Supplement marketing budget for product launch Product design flaws Medium – Monitor beta batch closely Price point too high Medium – Quantify customer savings from increased water efficiency Provide sales training to distributors Emerging competition Low – Get to market first Leverage ART global presence, technical support, supplier relationships, and distribution network

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn †Synthesis Essay Essay

Great literature has always run into great controversy, such as classics like The Catcher and the Rye by J. D. Salinger, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, and of course The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is of the antics of a 13-year-old Huck, and adult runaway slave. This piece of writing is found to be a classic and a standard for American literature; although recent debate on Twain’s racist language and stereotypical view on African Americans is questioned as appropriate for public education. Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should be taught in public schools, because the story should not be thought of as demeaning to blacks, or that Jim is considered a stereotype of black culture, but merely the characterization is being honest to the story and its time period. In her article â€Å"Huck Finn: Born to Trouble† Katherine Schulten states that parents had additional worries, that Jim would never seem like a true hero to African American children because he does not resist thralldom. Read more:  How to write a good introduction for a synthesis essay. Mark Twain did not want Jim to be some tough guy, who went against the ways of society, who resisted slavery ; does that make the story bad? No it does not, Twain wrote Jim as he was because that is what he was presented with during the time of slavery. Forrest Robinson agrees that Jim’s characterization is profoundly true to the realities of his experience in the novel; but it is culturally true as well in the apparent inconsistency that it has seemed, in the eyes of the audience, to betray. (â€Å"The Characterization of Jim in Huckleberry Finn†). The reality is not many slaves rebelled against white suppression, but there were slaves who escaped from the grips of slavery as Jim did. Charles E. Wilson Jr. author of Race and Racism In Literature notes that Jim’s role in this book is presented from the perspective of a 13-year-old boy. So while Jim may appear to be an object instead of a man, it is rather Huck’s bias and naive version of Jim that we see. In Huck’s viewpoint Jim is a â€Å"nigger†, and a slave, and in such manner, he should remain inferior to Huck, even though ironically, Huck treats Jim altruistically. Throughout the novel Jim presents his wisdom, but Huck considers it a site of black inferiority. In almost every instance of Twain’s verbal irony, Jim emerges the intellectual victor. Although Jim is foreseen as a weak, dumb, stereotypical black because it is in the narrative of a â€Å"civilized† white boy. This story is truly one of the great American novels of all time, nothing like it had ever been done, and nothing like it has ever been done since. As Shelley Fishkin points out Huckleberry Finn allowed a different kind of writing to happen: a clean, crisp, nonsense, earthy, vernacular kind of writing that jumped off printed page with unprecedented immediacy and energy; it was a book that talked. (â€Å" Huck’s Black Voice†) Twain’s writing was every bit of unusual, he did not write to comfort the human minds, or to pamper the society and mask the human faults. This novel has enticing freedom, not just in the story, but as a novel itself; no book had ever tried to break free from the hackneyed writing of the time. â€Å"As I knew from my first encounter with the book on high school, critics had long viewed Huckleberry Finn as a declaration of independence from the genteel English novel tradition. † (â€Å"Huck’s Black Voice†) Great literature has always run into great controversy. Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn from what he was provided with in his society, he did not give any false illusions of what was going on; he simply wrote an adventure of escape through the eyes of a young 13-year-old white boy. Does it have racism? Yes–but it also has self-discovery, chivalry, friendship, and vibrant adventure. Public education should continue in the use of this great novel because of what it provides. Just from this one topic of the book, it has stirred much discussion and debate. Imagine, all this interaction, involvement, and opinion in the classroom from kids of many backgrounds. When it comes down to it, this book makes the reader think of what really matters in life, and that anyone can make a difference. Works Cited Wilson, Charles E. Race and Racism in Literature. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood, 2005. Print.

Developing Professionals in Design Entrepreneurship Assignment

Developing Professionals in Design Entrepreneurship - Assignment Example The UK and Saudi Arabian schools are now offering specific teaching methodologies that allow students to work into design entrepreneurship in a different manner. The methodologies which are used can be examined from a variety of perspectives, all which pertain to how it is influencing the field of design as well as how this relates specifically to the levels of being an entrepreneur in society with the new levels of education and technology available. Different professions require specific approaches and focus within the industry. One of the professions which continue to offer substantial opportunity is design entrepreneurship. This particular field is one which is noted to provide a high level of creativity and opportunity within the studies and professional opportunities. The design entrepreneurship that is available is one which differs according to culture and expectations in society, all of which creates the ability to use skills and processes through defined training. When exploring the concept of design entrepreneurship, it can be seen that the educational studies, as well as the approach in which most take to the study, is able to provide significant opportunities to those interested in the field. This paper will examine the ideology of design entrepreneurship as well as how it associates with the UK and Saudi Arabian art and design universities, all which lead to specific outcomes in how students approach design after the ir education. Design entrepreneurship is known as a service-oriented architecture field. Those who move into the design are interested in creating architecture or a framework for graphics, technology or for the implementation of a product. Designers can work in fields such as architecture, interior design, graphic design or fashion, all of which are based on providing specific innovations and designs which can then be created and sold in the marketplace.  

Computers in architecture- Mercedes-Benz Museum in Germany Assignment

Computers in architecture- Mercedes-Benz Museum in Germany - Assignment Example It is based on the geometrical shape of a clover in which spaces are connected through two ascending ramps. The exterior design of Mercedes Benz Museum sets up a completely novel and astonishing typology by the acquisition of spatial principles. This novelty is solely attributed to the digital design of this building in which the perfect infusion of ratios between space and design has been considered (Szalapaj). This building was designed in a three dimensional data which was revised numerous times during its realization in Stuttgart. The utilization of three dimensional digital designs and its effectiveness is also represented in the use of glass in the exterior design of this building. A special kind of glass has been utilized in this building which is clear, transparent and does not gets affected by the sunlight regarding heat (Noden). These glasses are divided and placed in several panels which, in combination, present the impression of the building as a double dimensional facade . This feature is also based on the scientific principles of light and geometry which is sufficiently presented in the design of this building, increasing its creativity and aesthetics (Glasner and Schmidt). The whole exterior design of Mercedes Benz Museum is a correspondence to the modern technology in which digital art, especially of three dimensions, in a remarkable manner. From the color of the building to the shape and from the utility of glass to the connections of spaces, this building is a complete representation of digital design into practical form (Turnbull). Interior: As far as the interior design of Mercedes Benz Museum is concerned, the ramps bridging spaces from... Over the past few years computers have become a necessary tool in the field of architecture. Architects all around the globe are using digital tools to make their creative thoughts into a reality (Bermudez). Digital technology allows architects to form models and create prototypes without having to use or waste any physical material. Moreover, latest architectural digital tools allow architects to view these models in three dimensions and from all sides. With the help of these tools architects have been able to create buildings that comprise of a complex structure (Bermudez). One such building is the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart. The building was designed by a number of architects from UNStudio. In their book Ben Van Berkel and Caroline Bos, founders of UNStudio, stated that the creation of the building made use of a number of expertise and that it was a joint effort by architects of the entire studio (Berkel and Bos). UNStudio was founded in 1988 in Amsterdam and specializes in the fields of architecture infrastructural programs and urban development. UNStudio stands for United Network Studio (UNStudio). UNStudio is one of the most popular architectural firms in Europe and Asia. The company has been accredited with designing innovative structures such as the Star Place Luxury Shopping Plaza, Erasmus Bridge and The Burnham Pavillions. In the completion of these structures computers and digital tools have played a major role. The same can be said about Mercedes Benz Museum. Every aspect of the building’s structure sheds light on how digital tools were used to design the building as a whole.

English - Police Brutality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English - Police Brutality - Essay Example Sometimes this use of force is morally and ethically wrong and turns out to be followed along the lines of misuse of power. This paper is thus a discussion on the insight of how police force and brutality should be countered in certain situations; how the same has its pros as well as cons and how such physical as well as mental intimidation might or might not be suggested as the action to carry out in most cases. The very first occurrence of police force took place in the year 1893 and was reported in the New York Times as a police officer had badly beaten up a civilian man because of some issue. Since officers have the power to use force according to the legal structure of most countries and thus they feel obliged and completely within the line when they carry out actions like dealing too harshly or beating up people if they do not obey the law. However, the question lies in whether or not this should be carried out. In some cases, it seems important to carry out police force and br utality in order to correct a mob or groups of people because there are many those do not understand what doing the right thing means. Many a times, it may so happen that people anger other people and it turns out to be a complete brawl. â€Å"Of course, police officers and civilians are not similarly situated: Officers act with state authority, they are often not permitted to retreat, and they are trained and expected to use force. These differences affect how the concepts of imminence, necessity, and proportionality that comprise the justification standard should be applied to police uses of force and these differences are not incidental. Instead they reveal the deep structure policing. Police officers use force as an authorized form of state coercion, but they do so intense and often emotionally charged interpersonal encounters.† (Harmon, Rachel A.) Even though it is sometimes alright for the police to use force and try to assert their authority in some situations, it is n ot morally alright for them to do so. In some cases around the world there are groups of police that harass people in order to meet their sadistic wishes and achieve a sense of pleasure in doing so. There are many groups of police that try to keep people in check by using some amount of force. The force used is mostly always proportionate to the kind of mischief or nuisance that the civilian has created. In many cases, there are a number of people who disobey rules of traffic, and other public conduct and thus need to be put in their place. There are many people that do such things on purpose and hamper the lives of others in the process. In such cases, the police has a duty to intervene and take corrective measures even if it involves the use of force because here it is necessary to do so. However, there are many times when people do not deserve the kind of force that the police provide to them. This might even happen without people offending the police or having an intention to ca use nuisance. Some police have a habit of overusing or abusing their powers and authority which is not allowed. Most of the times, this even goes unheard because they are let off the hook easily and do not get punished for any miscreant work that they might create. For example, the Davis family faced such an issue when the boys of the family soon reported that the police were harassing them because of their skin color being black. In their neighbourhood,

The Cypriot financial crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Cypriot financial crisis - Essay Example The paper tells that the European economic crisis is an ongoing economic crisis that has made it hard or impossible for some nations in the euro region to re-finance or repay their government debt devoid of the help from third parties. Clerides and Stephanou noted that Cyprus was considered as a tax haven, thus becoming an epicenter for corruption and money laundering. This made the banking sector to be larger than the nation’s economy. Therefore, when there was an increase in public and private debt, the country went into recession with the economy shrinking by 1.67 % in 2009. This marked the beginning of the Cypriot economic crisis. Over the last decade, the Greek government has borrowed greatly from international markets in order to pay for its trade deficits and budget. Investors became nervous that the public debt was soaring high, which drove up Greece’s borrowing costs. With the banking systems in Cyprus were experiencing intense pressure; they amassed â‚ ¬22 billion of Greek private sector debt. This increase in public and private debt reduced economic growth plunging the country into a crisis. This market concerns is what initiated the study to examine how public and private debt contributed to the Cypriot Euro zone crisis. The Cyprus banking crisis was attributed to Cypriot banks investing heavily in Greek government bonds. The Cyprus banks came under intense financial pressure as the bad ratios escalated. Laiki bank reported that the bank was probably insolvent as early as 2008. This was even before Cyprus plunged into the Eurozone crisis.

Ir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ir - Essay Example Mr Johnson has admitted that the people have a just point when they complain. The claim that the rebels represent Islam, but Muslim theologians say they do not follow the teachings of Islam. An Islamic theological institute, Al-Azhar in Egypt, has strongly denounced the abductions, saying it â€Å"completely contradicts the teachings of Islam and its tolerant principles.† President Johnson has admitted the country is struggling, but his wife has told the group they are just playing games. The report states that the government is corrupt. Boko Haran only has a few hundred men, yet the Nigerian army seem powerless. The kidnappings have taken place just before the World Economic Forum on Africa, with 6,000 troops deployed for security, so this is an embarrassment for the president. The delegates may be kept secure, but the army cannot protect its own vulnerable people safe, so how can it hope to attract investment. This is written from a very personal viewpoint of the ‘It could have been me’ as the reporter had travelled as a student on the very same ferry route to that where tragedy recently struck. He describes how there was no thought of possible danger and that the ship was just a giant playground for the school children. The incident is described as a preventable accident, and from this the writer sees lessons which can be learnt. The ship was very overloaded and the cargo was not properly secured so it moved about, affecting the stability of the ship. The captain had left the ship in the charge of a very inexperienced mate, and this resulted in only two life boats being used and many lives lost. He describes the fury of the Korean public that the captain was among the first to leave the ship. This isn’t the only image of Korea he insists, and gives the example of a Korean crash in San Francisco where stewardesses carried injured passengers to safety. The difference

Fences by Augusta Wilson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fences by Augusta Wilson - Essay Example All The other characters in the play are closely related to the protagonist. The conflicts arises in the play are due to his self illusion and philosophy. He is a person living between two contradictory ideas like that of his name ‘Maxon’ a fusion of Mason and Dixon. To some extend we feel that he is an unsympathetic character. The illegal relation with Alberta visibly shows that he is a hypocrite. He was insisting others to be perfect in their life, but he was not so. At the same time he enjoys the freedom of choice. Troy never learned how to treat people close to him and he never gave any one a chance to prove themselves because he was selfish. Troy’s relationship with his son ‘Cory’ reveals the essential quality of a tragic hero, i.e. doing whatever they think right. Troy never allows his son to play football claiming that he doesn’t want Cory to suffer like him. He says â€Å"The white man are not gonna let you get nowhere with that footba ll no way† Cory accuses his father and says ‘you just scared I’m gonna be better than you, that’s all â€Å".

Developing a Programme to Prevent Smoking among Teenagers in High Essay

Developing a Programme to Prevent Smoking among Teenagers in High School in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example shing short-term demands of the smokers and offering opportunities for extensively executing smoking eradication related programs and policies (Raingruber, 2012). Finally, partnership working facilitates in preventing smoking amid the individuals in the form of conducting and researching numerous epidemiologic studies regarding the identification of contributory factors of smoking that often lead towards preventable premature death of the individuals (ASH Scotland, 2012; Brownson & et al., 1999). Apart from these, various intervention programmes were formulated and practiced for the prevention of smoking amid this particular group, i.e. teenagers in high schools in Saudi Arabia. These programmes can be apparently observed in the form of Tobacco Control Programme and Smoking Cessation Programme among others (Subramanian, 1999). Specially mentioning, forming and developing effective educational programmes accentuating the negative effects of smoking can be duly regarded as one of the vital and indispensable approaches towards preventing as well as eradicating smoking when targeting teenagers (Canadian Pharmacists Association, 2001; Gupta & et al., 1992). With this concern, the essay intends to develop an effective programme for preventing teens in high school in Saudi Arabia from smoking, based on evidences regarding the same. Various aspects, such as the socio, cultural, economic along with environmental factors persisting within Saudi Arabia, size of the issue, SWOT analysis, policy drivers and potential stakeholders would be accordingly discussed in the essay. In this modern day context, excessive consumption of tobacco in the form of smoking is one of the prevalent health issues observed amid teenagers. It has been apparently observed that this particular health issue broadly exists amid the people in several industrialised nations. Being one of the foremost industrialised nations, Saudi Arabia is also witnesses rising concern for teenage smoking in its

BUGusa Inc. & WIRETIME Inc. Scenarios Essay Example for Free

BUGusa Inc. WIRETIME Inc. Scenarios Essay BUGusa Inc. is based in any state USA. The company provides critical software technology that allows eaves dropping, sound collection and more to law enforcement agencies throughout the states and federal government within the United States of America. BUGusa Inc. is looking to expand its services, expertise and software at an international level. In the course of their operations there have been some questionable behaviors concerning internal and external factors that are affecting the flow of operations and in some cases, this behavior may cause serious issues with the integrity of the software and its security. WIRETIME Inc. is a fairly new company competing against BUGusa Inc. That seeks to gain information on BUGusa Inc. by infiltrating its workforce and recruiting its best and brightest. Throughout this paper I will address some of those case scenarios and do my best to answer the questions set forth by the assignment. 1st Scenario: Has WIRETIME Inc. committed any torts? BUGusa Inc. vs. WIRETIME Inc. In this case scenario we find that WIRETIME Inc. has made an intentional negative public statement against BUGusa Inc, and more specifically against its product reliability. This behavior by WIRETIME Inc. can be seen as a gross move against BUGusa Inc. reputation, thus causing distrust in their products and services from the general public, state and federal agencies home and abroad. The behavior demonstrated by WIRETIME Inc. while not uncommon in the business world, can be seen as a defamation or libel tort, and this can give BUGusa Inc. leverage against WIRETIME Inc. in a lawsuit. BUGusa Inc. may sue for any marketing related costs it will incur to help its image rise to new and higher levels of trust within its current customers and future customers nationally and internationally; it wouldn’t  be a surprise if they also try to collect from possible damages it may have incurred from actual or potential loss of profit stemming from the ad circulated by WIRETIME Inc. and the distrust it may have already or potentially cause in the future against BUGusa Inc. WIRETIME Inc. could make the argument that its intention was not to harm BUGusa Inc. reputation because their statements were opinion based and not objective facts. In order to rebuttal the argument by WIRETIME Inc., and to build new trust, BUGusa Inc. could demonstrate that its products and services work well beyond the one-month capabilities that WIRETIME Inc. suggested on its supposedly opinion ad. By demonstrating that their software and services work beyond the one- month mark, they can surely h old their ground against their competitor and possibly create new business and stronger relationships with its consumers, and, at the same time win the lawsuit against WIRETIME Inc. 2nd Scenario: Has WIRETIME Inc. committed any torts? Janet, head of the RD department at BUGusa Inc. has two more years in her contract with her current company. She has been offered a much lucrative opportunity to work for the competition (WIRETIME Inc.) But there is a provision in her current contract that prohibits her to work for the competition for the following two years of her contract even if she was fired before that time expires. This is called the non – compete clause. Janet disclosed this information (non – compete clause) to the head of human resources at WIRETIME Inc. when he or she offered Janet employment with their company. You would think that this information would deter any further headhunting approach from WIRETIME Inc. because of the consequences Janet’s breach of duty to BUGusa Inc. may cause her if she accepts and the liability WIRETIME Inc. picks up by performing this intervening event against the non – compete clause BUGusa Inc. has on Janet’s contract. After Janet exposed the non – compete clause, the head of human resources at WIRETIME Inc. persisted and offered to increase her pay by 10% and added a $5,000.00 signing bonus to the deal. Janet had a duty to BUGusa Inc. and she committed a breach of contract by accepting the offer from the competing company by evidence of acceptance. There was an offer, acceptance, consideration,  consent, capacity, legal purpose, and writing. While it was illegal to work for the competitor, it was not illegal for her to resign from BUGusa Inc. WIRETIME, clearly intended to have Janet violate her legal agreement and contractual restriction with BUGusa Inc. and committed the tort of interference in a contractual relationship between Janet and BUGusa Inc. 3rd Scenario: WIRETIME Inc. (Steve Walter) Discuss BUGusa Inc. Liability for Walters’s actions. WIRETIME Inc. has made it its main mission to infiltrate its competitor and retrieve high value information from BUGusa Inc. by all means necessary. WIRETIME Inc. sends one of its employees, (STEVE) to apply for a position at BUGusa. Such is their luck that Steve, not only gets hired, but he secures a position within BUGusa Inc. research and development department. BUGusa Inc. failed to realize that Steve was an employee at WIRETIME Inc. thus placing the companies’ sensitive information at risk. While at BUGusa, Steve was picked up by an attentive security guard (Walter) who found out through the grapevine and investigation, that Steve was a spy amongst them working for the competitor. Walter decided to approach Steve and take him in to a soundproof room, and retrieve the truth from Steve through intimidating threats against his physical safety for six hours. Steve, of course fearing for his physical well being, disclosed his purpose in the company what information he has passed along and whom he truly worked for. While Walters’s frustration with Steve is understandable, his handling of the situation is totally unacceptable and carries some penalties with it. Walter created an atmosphere of stress, mentally and physically against an employee, regardless of his true intentions; BUGusa Inc. should of done its homework through background checks against Steve and probably saved itself the headache. Nevertheless, Walters’s behavior was thuggish and criminal thus creating the tort of assault. Walter could have held Steve and called the police, then followed through with charges against Steve and WIRETIME Inc. but his course of action may result in Steve goi ng after BUGusa Inc through vicarious liability. This liability holds BUGusa Inc. as responsible for Walters’s behavior and actions while performing his normal duties in the workplace. 4th Scenario: Parking lot of BUGusa Inc. Crime problem. What defense if any, may be available to BUGusa Inc.? As with all working environments, it is the legal and implied duty of any employer to provide a healthy and safe work environment for its employees, vendors and any other patrons visiting or performing work at any job site within the United States of America. Here we can see that this particular BUGusa Inc. branch that is located in Shady town USA, has been the victim of multiple attacks on its employees and its vendors and also fell pray to vandalism. This problematic issue is well known to the residents of the community where BUGusa has its building; this leads me to know that management at BUGusa Inc. must have also been aware of this problem and failed to address it properly. I do not see any available defense for BUGusa Inc. on the matter of the vendor being attacked and robbed while waiting to deliver goods at the facility mentioned above. BUGusa has a duty to its employees, vendors and any patron performing any job within its premises to provide adequate safety measures that w ill deter thief’s from braking in to cars and vandalizing company property, but most importantly from harming the people within its property at all times. Having a well lit parking lot means all lights are working properly and to their full capacity, and in this case, they had a few lights that were not operating at all. Also, well-lit areas are not enough security against a hostile environment that has in the past proven to be dangerous against employees and vendors. The company breached its duty by not upgrading its security measures after the first reported assaults against its employees, this negligence caused that the vendor become another victim of the crime wave affecting its private property. The injury to the employees and vendor are financial, mental and may well be physical if not yet. The tort that applies here is negligence on the part of BUGusa Inc. If they would have reevaluated their security stance against the rise in crime and violence on their property and its surrounding community, it could have avoided such negligence. 5th Scenario: Randy and Brian (BUGusa Inc.) What defense may be available to BUGusa Inc.? The following Scenario holds two parties as responsible for failing to perform their required duties as responsible citizens and employees. By both parties being negligent, they are both are potentially at fault; they violated personal and business duty, breached their duties to their safety and business safety, causing an accident and damages to private and business property not to mention the physical injuries if any, and obvious financial injuries to personal and business property. Both Randy and Brian were negligent in their actions, Brian, as an employee of BUGusa Inc. could have avoided the crash if he were following the speed limit or driving in accordance with road and area conditions. Randy failed to obey the yield sign and assumed the risk of being impacted by another vehicle. Here we can apply comparative or contributory negligence because they were both at fault, if BUGusa Inc. can prove that Randy had more to do with the cause of the accident then they may well win the c ase. 6th Scenario: Sally may have a successful case against BUGusa Inc. for what Tort? Just as in the actual case of General Motors, BUGusa Inc. failed to notify the consumers of the potential hazards of using their products. BUGusa tried to save money at the risk of consumer’s safety by taking shortcuts in the manufacturing and assembly process, knowing that such shortcuts may result in short circuit and in some cases harm to its product users they moved forward with its sale and fielding. Strict Product Liability Tort states that the manufacturer, distributor and seller are responsible for any harm and or injury caused by failure to inform of manufacturing defects or design defects. By designing the product without the necessary insulation, Sally was exposed to a short and suffered injuries. BUGusa Inc. is clearly in hot water and can be liable for all harm and injuries stemming from this negligent act. References Cornell University. (2014). Tort. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tort Expert Law. (2014). Negligence / Personal Injury. Retrieved from http://www.expertlaw.com/library/personal_injury/negligence.html Hill, M. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Phoenix, AZ: Copyright  © McGraw-Hill Company.

Network User Problems

Network User Problems Tiago Garcia Mourà £o (13265) a) Credential, Permission and Rights Problems The user can have this kind of problem when tries to access/alter a host, folder or document and is not able to because they cannot log in, or they do not have that permission. Network Performance If the user or LAN administrator wants to use a wireless connection, it will drastically impact the network communication. This happens because today home-based wireless systems will not produce more than about 54-100 Mbps of transfer. And using a hub instead of a network switch can cause major issues with speed and latency, which means low performance network. TCP/IP Conflicts There are many reasons why this can be an issue, but the most common happens when at least two devices are trying to use the same IP address in the same network. b) By the morning, an user that works in a company, tries to logon into the Windows operational system using the network credentials given by the Network Administrator. But he gets the following error: The relationship between this device and the domain failed. The user tries to restart the computer and logon again, but gets the same error. c) Network Performance If you are using a corporate network, make sure that you are not streaming or downloading music, video or whatever else while working. By doing that, you will be impacting the network performance and like it will make IP phone calls and file sharing, per example, really slow. The Network Administrator has to find a way to lock down this kind of problems, like blocking music/video streaming and files downloads. TCP/IP Conflicts When the Network Administrator faces problems like IP conflicts into the network, the easiest way to fix it would be releasing and renewing the device IP and try to use it again. d) Knowledge base form Name of the company TGM Inc Clients Name Ilson Neves Date and time 01/12/2015 2:50 PM Problem Detail: Users are complaining about devices IP conflicts every day during the usual work. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 01 12 2015 Name of the technician Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date and Time 02/12/2015 9:30 AM Service Hours 2 hours Proposed Solution Release and renew the IP address in every device and then, check the router in order to adjust the number of available IPs. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 02 12 2015 Resource N/A Costs NZD 200,00 Procedure Personnel I accessed the CMD in every computer and enter the commands ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew. Then, I checked that the internet connection was working properly in every single device. Then, I checked that the amount of devices accessing the network was smaller than the amount of IPs available. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 03 12 2016 Company contact Address 50, Queen St Information Phone 05 0976394 Website www.tgm.co.nz 1.2 Fileserver problems: a) File Sharing One of the most common problems related to fileservers is file sharing. When users try to access the folder/document in the server, they can get errors like Not authorized access or The file is being used. Data Backup An important action related to fileservers is the backup. The most of companies have files that need to be accessed many times per day and by different users, no matter what. b) A company user created a shared folder on the network to allow other department users read and edit documents. After adding these documents, other users tried to open the documents, but they got the following error: Windows cannot access the document. You do not have the permission to access the document. Contact your Network Administrator to request access. The users restarted the PCs and tried to access the documents again, but still got the same error. c) File Sharing If the users cannot access shared folders or alter shared folders, the Network Administrator has to check the reason. The first step is checking if the folder/file owner has shared it. Otherwise, only him will be able to access it. If it have been done, the next step is checking if the file is being used by another user. After that, the folders/files have to be available for the allowed users in the network. Data Backup If the server crashes or the file is deleted by mistake, the Network Administrator has to get the last backup version as soon as possible, no matter what. d) Knowledge base form Name of the company MG Enterprise Clients Name Carlos Silva Date and time 01/09/2016 4:30 PM Problem Detail: Users are complaining that they cannot access or alter any folders or files into the fileserver. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 01 09 2016 Name of the technician Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date and Time 02/09/2016 7:30 AM Service Hours 3 hours Proposed Solution Check the fileserver configuration, the folders/files sharing status and the list of allowed users. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 02 09 2016 Resource N/A Costs NZD 300,00 Procedure Personnel First, I tried to access the folder and files into the fileserver using the users PC. I got the same permission error in every single PC. Then, I went to the data center and checked that the fileserver IP was configured properly. Then, I checked that the folders and files sharing option were OK. And the last step was include all the desired users to the sharing list. After that, I tested all the PCs and all of them were able to access the folders and files. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 03 09 2016 Company contact Address 5, Welesley St Information Phone 07 9845672 Website www.mgenterprise.co.nz 1.3 Performance issues: a) Wireless Apart of wired connection, the wireless connection can subject your connection to variable conditions. Because of that, the data delays can bring the transfer performance down. Memory (RAM) The data transfer over the network does not need much system memory usage, but can affect the performance of other OS components. If the system memory is too low, the system has to access the HD more often, and the writing/reading disk performance will be low as well. b) Every week a company leaders need to make a videoconference with another branch for a brainstorm. Both branches use Skype for it, but they are having some problems related to the network. The connection is very slow and the call crashes, even if the computer is connected to the internet using the wire. c) Memory (RAM) In order to increase the network data transfer, the user can add more RAM memory to the laptop/PC, making the writing/reading disk faster and avoiding the HD access. Wireless If the user wants to increase the wireless connection performance, the best ways would be getting closer to the Access Point to get a high quality connection or buying a better Access Point, if possible to support more users at the same time. d) Knowledge base form Name of the company GT Ltd Clients Name Bruno Souza Date and time 01/02/2017 8:50 AM Problem Detail: The users are complaining that the wireless connection is too slow and sometimes crashes. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 01 02 2017 Name of the technician Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date and Time 02/02/2017 4:30 PM Service Hours 5 hours Proposed Solution Check the distance between the Access Point and users; and if it supports the amount of users at the same time. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 02 02 2017 Resource N/A Costs NZD 500,00 Procedure Personnel Using different users laptops, I could see that some users had wireless signal was too poor. To those users who got good signal, I checked the internet access speed. It was extremely slow and crashing several times. Checking the amount of users and APs, I told the IT manager that the problem was that the company needs more APs to spread the signal and to support the amount of users. After installing and configuring some new APs, all the users have fast wireless connection. Signature Tiago Garcia Mourà £o Date 03 02 2017 Company contact Address 10, Quay St Information Phone 09 9756729 Website www.gt.co.nz 2.1 Identify and list any 5 network monitoring tools: Nagios One of the best known free tool. The most important part of the tool is the core and it allows you to build plugins to monitor particular elements. It has a large-scale use. Zenoss This software was created to monitor server, storage, applications, networks and virtual servers. Monitis Focused on small or medium-sized companies, this application can arise as a great network tool. Pandora FMS Its capable of monitoring over 10,000 nodes and monitors servers, networks and applications. It has many alerts, reports and third party integrations, etc. Its network autodiscovery system can find all the network elements in a short time. Zabbix Its known for being easy to configure and for having a very powerful GUI. It has agentless monitoring service can monitor up to 10,000 nodes without performance issues. 2.2 Install network monitoring tools: According to the figure below, during an average websites usage at 3PM, the total traffic size was 4.24MB, the transfer rate was 136.942Kbps and the packets amount was 9,384 (474.000 bytes): (Figure 01: Capsa Free software Summary tab) (Figure 02: Capsa Free software Dashboard tab) After few minutes, a new Youtube tab was opened at 3:03 PM and then the total traffic size was 35.15MB, the transfer rate was 531.204Kbps and the packets amount was 50,292 (732.000bytes), according to the figure below: (Figure 03: Capsa Free software Summary tab) (Figure 04: Capsa Free software Dashboard tab) 2.3 Analyse the bandwidth information: According to the figures above, the usage of network didnt reach its limits. The maximum usage that it reached during the tests was 0.053% of the bandwidth. 2.4 Explain different techniques for LAN performance: Watch everything Users often complain about the network performance, but the most of times, the network has nothing to do with it. One of the best techniques to improve the LAN performance is monitor everything, from network latency and throughput, to CPU and RAM utilization. Monitoring the switches and routers, the network error rates and configuring some logfiles alerts will make the network faster. Know your apps The network is always being consumed by the applications. Even being hard to see exactly what is going on, is possible observing their effects on the infrastructure. The best way to keep your network performance is testing the software in a testing environment before purchasing/installing it in the infrastructure and check the amount of resources is being used. 3.1 Identify and explain security exposures and violations: Former Employees Attacks coming from inside the network are one of the biggest threats to a corporate network. Former employees, especially from IT department, that have the networks, admin accounts and data centers access can spread/sell this information or even hack the company. Careless Employees An employee that forgets files or the cellphone/laptop inside a taxi cab or on a restaurant table could allow a malicious person to use this information or sell it to competitor companies. 3.2 Determine the possible solutions for the CVE: Former Employees In order to avoid this kind of danger, when an employee is about to be dismissed, the Information Security Analyst or the Network Administrator has to fill out a form describing all the access rights to be revoked(systems, servers, data centers, etc) and ask to an analyst do it. Careless Employees Information stealing is one of the most dangerous ways to get corporate information leaked. To avoid it, employees must look after classified documents, cellphones, laptops, etc and keep it safe. Electronic devices must have passwords, per example. 4.1 The sender in a LAN sends 10110110; a hacker alters the data and the receiver receives 10100110. As a network expert analysis to find out the position of error bit: 4.2 Analysis a 10 bit sequence 1010011110 and a divisor of 1011: Viper Plagiarism Scanner Report Data Expedition, I. (s.d.). Data Expedition, Inc. Fonte: Data Expedition Inc: http://www.dataexpedition.com/support/notes/tn0009.html Kosse, T. (s.d.). Tim Kosse. Fonte: https://ftptest.net/: https://ftptest.net/Help Prigge, M. (1 de June de 2010). IDG Communications, Inc. Fonte: InfoWorld: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2627174/network-monitoring/10-tips-for-boosting-network-performance.html Schiff, J. L. (20 de January de 2015). IDG Communications, Inc. Fonte: CIO: http://www.cio.com/article/2872517/data-breach/6-biggest-business-security-risks-and-how-you-can-fight-back.html Shimonski, R. J. (3 de November de 2009). TechGenix Ltd. Fonte: WindowsNetworking.com: http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles-tutorials/common/Top-5-Networking-Issues-Windows-Clients.html Steve. (2 de January de 2017). Pandora FMS Team. Fonte: Pandora FMS: https://blog.pandorafms.org/network-monitoring-tools/#comparison

Joseph C. R. Licklider :: essays research papers

Joseph C. R. Licklider died when he was 75, on June 26, 1990. His death was caused by a heart attack that followed because of complications from asthma. Licklider was born in St. Louis, Missouri and educated at Washington University and the University of Rochester. There he received his three bachelor's degrees in math, physics, and psychology. Licklider was well liked and had a very good reputation for being very humble, often letting others take credit for his ideas. Licklider humility and good manners were probably part of his mid-western upbringing. Licklider came to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1950. Previously, he had worked at Harvard University's Psychoacoustics Laboratory, where he discovered that "clipped speech" was 70-90 percent intelligible. Professor Licklider's background was in the psychology of communications, and he played a major role in stimulating linguistics research at MIT while contributing to the study of biological characteristics of communication. Licklider lectured on the neurophysiology of vision and hearing, the perception of speech, and the presentation and absorption of information. J.C.R. Licklider's contribution to the development of the Internet consists of ideas not inventions. He foresaw the need for networked computers with easy user interfaces. His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and -click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed. He has been called, "Computing's Johnny Appleseed," a well-deserved nickname for a man who planted the seeds of computing in the digital age. Licklider planted his symbolic seeds at two very important places. Most importantly, he worked for several years at ARPA, which is Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency, where he set the stage for the creation of the ARPANET. Licklider worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman, the company that supplied the first computers connected on the ARPANET. He did his doctoral work in psychoacoustics. In 1942, he went to work at Harvard's Psychoacoustics Laboratory where he did work for the Air Force to find solutions for the communication problems faced by crewman in noisy bomber aircraft. Joseph Licklider worked on a Cold War project called SAGE designed to create computer-based air defense systems against Soviet Union bombers. Lick became increasingly interested in computing thereafter. Coming to the world of computing from a psychology background gave Lick a unique perspective. Computing at the time consisted mainly of batch-processing operations. Large problems would be outlined in advance and operations coded onto paper punch cards that were then fed into computers in large batches.

Tempting Fate: Essay on The Monkeys Paw -- essays research papers

-Ildar- Tempting Fate The â€Å"Monkey’s Paw† reveals an intriguing story of destiny and death. The Theme challenges the classical ideas of destiny and fate. From the beginning of the story Mr. White denies the seriousness of the paw. When he says, â€Å"Well, why don’t you have three sir†, he is in a way mocking Morris and the criticalness of the paw. The effects of disturbing fate do not even occur to him at this point and his intrigue and human greed override his judgment. â€Å"If you don’t want it, Morris, give it to me†, Mr. White had said after Morris threw the paw in the fire. This is where Mr. White made his first mistake. Mrs. White on the other hand manages to keep a cool head in the beginning and is apprehensive of the paw. She originally senses the danger that the paw poses but doesn’t make much of it and actually encourages Mr. White to use the paw. Mr. White’s first wish was a simple one as he thought. â€Å"I wish for two hundred pounds,† he had uttered so easily thinking that this was as straightforward of a wish as there could be. Little did he know that tempting fate in such a way had serious consequences. At this point in the story the writer foreshadows the grim events that follow when Herbert says, â€Å"Well, I don’t see the money, and I bet I never shall†. Ironically Herbert is correct. The twist of the story revealed itself when Mrs. White opened the door to receive her money. The visitor from Maw and Meggins delivered the bad new of their sons untimely death, â€Å"He was ca...

Emperor Hadrian in Marguerite Yourcenars Memoirs of Hadrian and E.L. D

Emperor Hadrian in Marguerite Yourcenar's Memoirs of Hadrian and E.L. Doctorow's Everyman figure of Coalhouse Walker, Jr. in Ragtime As Marguerite Yourcenar states in Memoirs of Hadrian, â€Å". . . there is always a day where Atlas ceases to support the weight of the heavens, and his revolt shakes the earth.† (114) When Coalhouse Walker strides knowingly, even willingly, into his death, he is more powerful at that moment than he has been at any other point in his crusade. Because he has no regard for death or for the effect of his decision upon the rest of the world, his chosen fate sends a resounding reaction through all who witness his end. And what might drive a man to abandon his life so freely? Love and death. Inextricably meshed in both Memoirs of Hadrian by Marguerite Yourcenar and E.L. Doctorow’s Ragtime, these timeless states profoundly change the outlooks of Emperor Hadrian and Coalhouse Walker Jr. Despite being separated by centuries, both men go to extreme lengths for their perception of love, but when death intervenes they have curiously opposite reactions. Hadrian is Emperor of the vast Roman Empire, and when he first comes into power he is afire with new ideas of beautification and improvements for all the provinces of the Empire, whether the people of said provinces wanted to be improved or not. He is secure enough in himself to consider himself, while not a god, something like a lieutenant, â€Å"seconding the deity in his effort to give form and order to a world, to develop and multiply its convolutions, extensions, and complexities.† (Yourcenar, 144) After many personal triumphs, he still refuses the accolades that previous Emperor’s have felt were rightfully theirs, preferring to let his people and his ... ...ife. This concept is totally foreign to Coalhouse Walker Jr. who, only after achieving the love that he sought and then losing it so quickly and so inhumanely, gains almost godlike power over the people of the city, inspiring fear and no little awe for the man who would go to such lengths over an automobile and some inconsequential (to them) black woman who wasn’t even his wife. Death and love: inseparable through the course of time, transcending the ages– both Emperor Hadrian and Coalhouse Walker Jr. face them, and while one gains conviction and a purpose, even if that purpose is ultimately his own death, the other declines, never seeing that the death of his love could possibly serve a purpose other than simple grief and mourning, never understanding that, with time and action, â€Å"the future [could] once more [hold] the hope of the past.† (Yourcenar, 176)

Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Essay

1.Define presidential doctrine and summarize the regional or global events during the Cold War leading up to the formation of the presidential doctrine you wrote about in Assignment 1. 2.Select one country you wrote about in Assignment 1 and describe the Cold War relationship that existed between the country you selected and the U.S. before the presidential doctrine was announced. 3.Describe the relationship that currently exists between the U.S. and the country you selected in section (2) above. 4.Describe the effect that the presidential doctrine has had on regional or global affairs since it was announced during the Cold War. 5.Assess whether or not the presidential doctrine you wrote about in Assignment 1 doctrine had had the intended effect of altering the behavior of the country you selected in section (2) above since the doctrine was first announced. 6.Use at least four (4) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. To help you understand this assignment further, the following description and examples may be useful. Step 1: Define doctrine and identify why a president would want to announce one. A doctrine is an ideological platform that a president uses to advance a policy towards a country or region in order to accomplish foreign policy goals for the United States, so you will need to expand on this theme. Refer back to Assignment 1, and build on whatever doctrine you wrote about then. Say, for example, you selected the Truman Doctrine. Therefore, this is the only thing you will write about in Assignment 2 step 1. Step 2: Select one country you wrote about in Assignment 1 and describe the Cold War relationship that existed between it and the U.S. Before the presidential doctrine was announced. In the case of Truman, you would pick either the Soviet Union, Greece, or Iran, since all three were affected by his doctrine. If you are writing about the Eisenhower Doctrine, you would choose Lebanon or Egypt; if you wrote about the Kennedy Doctrine, you would have write about Cuba or Vietnam; if your wrote about the Nixon Doctrine,  you would choose either Vietnam, Saudi Arabia or Iran; if you chose Carter, you would select either Iran or Afghanistan; and if you wrote about the Reagan Doctrine, you would select Nicaragua, Angola, Russia or Afghanistan (although there were several others). Step 3: Describe what effect the presidential doctrine you chose has had on regional or global affairs since it was announced during the Cold War. That is, how did the doctrine change the status quo regionally or globally after it was announced by the U.S.? What happened in Western Europe after the Truman Doctrine was announced? What happened in the Middle East after the Eisenhower Doctrine was announced? What happened with Cuba or Vietnam after Kennedy offered up his doctrine of flexible response? What happened in Southeast Asia or the Persian Gulf after the Nixon Doctrine went in effect? What happened in the Middle East after the Carter Doctrine was announced? What happened in Central America or Africa or the Middle East after Reagan announced his doctrine? Step 4: Refer back to the country you selected in step two and describe the relationship that currently exists between the U.S. and that country. How has the relationship changed between the U.S. and that country since the doctrine was announced? Step 5: Evaluate whether or not the presidential doctrine had had the intended effect of altering the behavior of the one country you selected in section (2) above since the doctrine was first announced. Your assignment must: †¢Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. †¢Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢Identify the cultural, economic, and political context of information resources, and interpret information in light of that context. †¢Use technology and information resources to research issues in international problems. †¢Write clearly and concisely about international problems using proper writing mechanics.

Alcohol Drinking in Germany

Alcohol has the tendency to be a cause of death for a vast number of people. The consumption of alcohol can also have a consequence on your brain which in turn makes you tremble at the same time as loosing control over all of your senses, and it can also kill parts of your brain cells. What is more is that alcohol consumption can cause your liver to depreciate and not function appropriately.Liver transplants are not easy to take place and they rarely take place. Even if it does take place it is hard for a person with liver transplant to survive for too long. Even though it is general knowledge that alcohol consumption has the tendency to kill people, still there are millions of people who consume great amounts of alcohol on daily basis (Martina, Gert, Eckardt and Klaus, 2003).As known to all, Germany is perhaps one of the most alcohol-drinking nations from all over Europe, ranking fifth right after Luxembourg, Hungary, Czech Republic and Ireland. Only a small percent of about five pe rcent of the people of Germany seem to call themselves as teetotalers, which are people who   completely abstain themselves from the use of alcoholic beverages, ranking it, after Luxembourg as the European nation that has the lowest percentage of people who do not drink at all.With reference According to the World Health Organization, and as has been proved by a vast number of studies, the whole of Europe is said to have the highest amount of alcohol consumption with comparison to all of the other parts of the world rating it per capita consumption as twice as high as compared with the average of the entire world.AnalysisAs has been mentioned before, the most prevalent problem in the whole of Germany is said to be of alcohol consumption abd dependance on it as well. This is a statement that has been verified by Peter Lang, who is basically the head of drug prevention and abuse at the German Center for Health Education (Ryan, 2006).Basically alcohol abuse is said to be the most com mon as well as the largest of all social problems within Germany. As is known to all, Bildunterschrift:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dangerous and detrimental using up is without a doubt connected with a number of psychosomatic, communal and physical condition problems, and in addition has a considerable economic bang on the social order as a whole.In the words of Peter Lang, â€Å"It's difficult to say what is causing this, because alcohol is more or less an accepted drug in a lot of circumstances, like for parties or other social occasions. If you compare Germany to countries like the US, there is drinking in public that is different and more accepted. Consuming alcohol during the day is really more accepted here in Germany,† (Ryan, 2006).

How does Mackay express his feelings for the two cultures he belongs to?

Claude Mckay was brought up in Jamaica and moved in the to New York in the 1930s. This was during America's post-economical depression, which meant getting enough money or getting enough money was a very big struggle. It was even a bigger struggle for him to get a good job as an immigrant worker, so he had to settle for menial jobs. Although there was not formal and legal ‘segregation' between black and white as there was in the South, there were areas for only blacks or only whites and prejudice was rife. Mckay became a political and social activist for human rights. In his poems, he evokes a strong sense of his homeland in order to assert the power of its beauty, to seek comfort in the emotional and spiritual warmth he remembers about the place. I SHALL RETURN The title ‘I shall return' suggests a sense of homesickness and emphasises his determination to go back. The title is a definite statement which may suggest a sense of disappointment or frustration which is reminding him of how beautiful his homeland is. It can also be seen as a promise, as if he was promising himself a reward in order to carry on with life struggle with a purpose. He repeats the same statement, almost as if he was trying to memorize it: â€Å"I shall return to loiter. I shall return to fiddle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This helps to add a certain flow as the reader reads through the poem. It also makes the statement ‘I shall return' become more alive and more promising to come to pass. It could be seen as him making himself a purpose for carrying on with life. He uses colour to describe the images in his homeland: â€Å"†¦like brown blade†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦the forest fires burn wafting their blue-black smoke to sapphire skies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This allows the images to be physical and easier to picture. He probably used this technique to make the idea of his returning more realistic for him to be able to picture himself there. He stresses on how much he misses his homeland, even its disadvantages by beautifying them: â€Å"†¦at golden noon the forest fires burn wafting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He uses this to show that his homeland's bad views can be looked upon as exhibitions. This help to promote the idea of his returning even besides the negative aspects. He uses metaphors to describe his feelings for the New York: â€Å"†¦to ease my mind off long, long years of pain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This technique portrays his feelings for New York in a way the reader can relate to. The structure of the text has a tremendous significance as it echoes the pattern of thoughts and feelings of the writer. It heads the reader to understand the message. The poem is written in a sonnet, which is important as a sonnet consists of two stanzas; an octave and a Sestet. The octave involves talking about the problems being faced, whilst the Sestet is about finding a solution to the problem: â€Å"I shall return again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So in ‘I shall return' he uses the idea of returning to his homeland as a solution to his problem. THE TROPICS OF NEW YORK The title ‘The tropics of New York' suggests McKay evolving New York and turning it into his homeland. It could be said that he was missing home so much that he was starting to see visions of his homeland in New York. The title can also suggest Mckay getting used to the Yankees style of life and him finding positive aspects of their culture. He uses repetition and makes the rhythm comparable to that of an excited child at Christmas: â€Å"Bananas ripe and green and ginger-roots†¦and pears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He uses this technique to illustrate the joy he had when he saw these fruits and vegetables. The excitement of the tone is only because the fruit reminds him of his homeland which just goes to show of how much he misses the place. In The Tropics of New York, he uses religious vocabulary to describe the landscape of his homeland: â€Å"†¦mystical blue skies. In benediction over nun-like hill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He gives the landscape a significance, which suggests that he adores it. It also adds a sense of silence and peace to the landscape. He uses alliteration to describe his memories of his memories: â€Å"†¦of fruit trees laden by low †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦and dewy dawn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This helps slow the pace down to help him emphasis the beauty of his homeland. It also adds a gentle sound and some resonance, which helps to produce a visual image of calm beauty. As these were memories, the qualities could not have been present in New York. He evolves senses in order to separate the three stanzas. In the first stanza, he uses the sense of taste and tells of the food he saw. He uses sight in the second stanza to describe what he was seeing and the sense of feeling in the third in order to show his emotions. This allows the reader to picture New York from different points of view. It also helps to convey his emotions in a way that the reader could relate to. He uses archaic syntax in the beginning of the third stanza to describe his emotions after seeing these fruits: â€Å"†¦I could no more gaze†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This helps to lead the calmness of the stanza. The calmness of the stanza can help evaluate how emotionally touched he was to see these fruits as he probably last saw them a long time ago. He uses a metaphor to describe how he misses his old homeland: â€Å"†¦hungry for the old familiar ways†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The metaphor signals a change from physical longing to emotional and spiritual longing. It shows of how desperate he is to go back to his country. Mckay uses a regular rhythm scheme (a/b/a/b). This helps to contain the emotion. The structure of the poem mirrors the process of seeing the fruit and wanting to eat it, whilst visualising the country it comes from to the spiritual way of life in that place. In conclusion, I found out that Mckay uses both poems to illustrate his feelings towards both places uses techniques such as alliteration, narrative voice, metaphors, vocabulary, structure of the poems etc. His overall feeling is that he misses home and has a great desire to return. He feels living in New York is very painful and he does not seem to want to get use to the its lifestyle: â€Å"†¦hungry for the old familiar ways†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Ohmmeter

Resistance Measurement ENE 240 Electrical and Electronic Measurement (2/2008) Class 8, January 14, 2009 Werapon Chiracharit, Ph. D. , ENE, KMUTT werapon. [email  protected] ac. th 1 Analogue Ohmmeter †¢ Permanent-magnet moving-coil (Galvanometer, ? ? I ) with a total resistance Rg †¢ Series type ohmmeter with battery E †¢ Resistance R to be measured †¢ Rz to be zero-ohm-adjusted Rz R E + – Rg 2 1 Zero-Ohm Adjustment †¢ Short circuit at the terminals 0? Resistance reading is zero, R = 0 †¢ Adjust Rz for a full-scale current reading E = Ifsd (Rz + Rg) Ifsd = E / (Rz + Rg) †¢ E and Rg are constant †¢ Change Rz (change Ifsd) for multirange 3 Zero-Ohm Adjustment (Cont’d) †¢ for the series type ohmmeter E = I (R + Rz + Rg) I = E / (R + Rz + Rg) †¢ R increased, I decreased, ? decreased †¢ Relationship between I and R is non-linear, it means a non-linear resistance scale. †¢ Rz and Rg are small, then for high resista nces, the scale points are very close together! 4 2 Shunt Type Ohmmeter †¢ When R = ? (open circuit), R1 is adjusted for a full-scale reading. E = Ifsd (R1 + Rg) Ifsd = E / (R1 + Rg) R1 R Ig IR Rg E 5 I Shunt Type Ohmmeter (Cont’d) †¢ When R is connected, the current passing through the meter is reduced by shunt resistor. 1/Rparallel = 1/R + 1/Rg Rparallel = RRg / (R + Rg) and E = I (R1 + Rparallel) = I (R1 + RRg/(R + Rg)) = I (R1R + R1Rg + RRg) / (R + Rg) = I (R1Rg + R(R1 + Rg)) / (R + Rg) 6 3 Shunt Type Ohmmeter (Cont’d) †¢ The current I is divided into 2 parts. IgRg = IRR Ig = I – IR = I – IgRg/R therefore Ig = E(R + Rg)/(R1Rg + R(R1 + Rg)) – IgRg/R Ig(1+Rg/R) = E(R + Rg)/(R1Rg + R(R1 + Rg)) Ig(R+Rg)/R = E(R + Rg)/(R1Rg + R(R1 + Rg)) Ig = ER / (R1Rg + R(R1 + Rg)) †¢ Meter reading depends on the value of R, though R is a low resistance. 7 Series Ohmmeter Shunt Ohmmeter 8 4 Bridge Method †¢ Bridge methods are used for measurement of resistance, capacitance, inductance, etc. †¢ e. g. the network will be balanced when the detector reading becomes zero. Component Being Measured Bridge Network Detector 9 Wheatstone Bridge †¢ DC supply, Vs †¢ Output voltage, Vo B R1 I1 A I2 R3 D + Vs – R4 10 R2 Vo C 5 Wheatstone Bridge (Cont’d) †¢ When Vo = 0, the potential at B must equal to the potential at D I1R1 = I2R3 I1R2 = I2R4 Hence I1R1 = I2R3 = (I1R2/R4) R3 R1/R2 = R3/R4 †¢ The balance condition is independent of Vs 11 Wheatstone Bridge (Cont’d) †¢ R2 and R4 are known-fixed resistances. †¢ R3 can be adjusted to give the zero potential difference condition. †¢ R1 is the input resistance to be measured. A R1 Adjust R3 B Vo = 0 G B D Wheatstone Bridge 12 6 Wheatstone Bridge (Cont’d) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Change in R1, change R3 Precision about 1 ? to 1 M? Accuracy is up to the known resistors. Sensitivity of the null detector Error comes from changes in resistances by changes in temperatures. 13 Wheatstone Bridge (Cont’d) †¢ If no galvanometer at the output, VAB = Vs R1/(R1+R2) VAD = Vs R3/(R3+R4) Thus, Vo = VAB – VAD Vo = Vs ( R1/(R1+R2) – R3/(R3+R4) ) †¢ The relationship between Vo and R1 is non-linear 14 7 Wheatstone Bridge (Cont’d) †¢ A change R1 to R1+? R1 gives a change Vo to Vo+? Vo Vo+? Vo=Vs((R1+? R1)/((R1+? R1)+R2) – R3/(R3+R4)) Then (Vo+? Vo)–Vo = Vs R1+? R1 – R3 R1+? R1+R2 R3+R4 –Vs R1 – R3 R1+R2 R3+R4 = Vs R1+? R1 – R1 R1+? R1+R2 R1+R2 15 Wheatstone Bridge (Cont’d) †¢ If small changes ? R1 >R3 and Rs1//R3 to Rs1 avoid the leakage effect †¢ Rs2 may affect the R3 R4 detector sensitivity 24 12 Bridge Compensation †¢ The resistance of long leads will be affected by changes in temperatures †¢ To avoid this, 3 leads are required to connect to the coils †¢ They are all the same length and resistance 25 Bridge Compensation (Cont’d) †¢ Any changes in lead resistance will affect all 3 leads equally and occur in 2 arms of bridge and will cancel out. 3 R1 1 2 R3 Vs Vo R4 26 R2 13